WPC: X=w{"jQ"F+o ˡ@: aLh $ Ik׬8[|ʺ_[ ddHifx㆓<>( "!!!!!!!!V&!M|% 01% 0=% 0% 0>& 0& 0' 0r( 0a&) 0) 0;* 09* 0(+ 02, 06, 0:2- 0l- 0_- 0 P. 0kZ/ 00 B*2 D32 C2 03 04 065 05 0:6 0h)7 0F7U67U> 8U*K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8K8 Bu8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8u8 A8 0c/9 D+9 0K9:0(hH  Z6Times New Roman RegularX(Ӭ$&%XX(%2 $ Ӭ!&%XX  *a%&       0  .   $&%XX %&       1  .  _Nocounselforanypartytothiscaseauthoredthisbriefinwholeor `  inpart,andnopersonorentity,otherthanNACDL,madeanymonetary )  contributiontoitspreparationorsubmission.SeeRule37.6.(#$  0      $&%XX %&       10  .  _AsthisCourthasoftenrecognized,theremaybeotherchargesso `  seriousthattheybedeemednotpettyandthustriggerarighttoajurytrialeven )  whereajailsentenceofmorethansixmonthsisnotauthorized.See_Blanton_Ԁv.   CityofNorthLasVegas,489U.S.538(1989);seealsoLewisv.UnitedStates,  [ 518U.S.322(1996).Inanysuchcase,thereshouldcertainlyalsobearightto  $ counsel.,L z,:i+003|xU O  $&%XX %&       2  .  _SeeComment, RighttoCounsel:TheImpactofGideonv. `  WainwrightintheFiftyStates,3CreightonL.Rev.103(1970). e  $&%XX %&       3  .  _Blakev.MunicipalCourt,242Cal.App.2d731,51Cal.Rptr.771 `  (1966). Apparently,inninestatesvirtuallyallmisdemeanantshavetherightto )  appointedcounsel....Comment,supranote2,at124.Thatstillseemstobethe   case [M]any,ifnotamajorityof,Statesguaranteetherightofcounselwhenever  [ imprisonmentisauthorizedbystatuteratherthanactuallyimposed._Nichols_Ԁv.  $ UnitedStates,511U.S.738,748(n.12)(1994).Seealso,BriefofTexas,etal, M  AmiciCuriae,22.   $&%XX %&       4  .  _TheSixthAmendmentprovides, `  8 Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccusedshallenjoytheright   toaspeedyandpublictrial,byanimpartialjury...andtobe  [ informedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusation;tobe  $  confrontedwiththeWitnessesagainsthim;tohave `  compulsoryprocessforobtainingWitnessesinhisfavor,and )  tohavetheAssistanceofCounselforhisdefense.  $&%XX %&       5  .  _Id.at37.  $&%XX %&       6  .  _Id.   $&%XX %&       8  .  _ԀIndeed,onewhoreceivesasuspendedsentencesubjecttoprobation `  inAlabamacanbeimprisonedwithvirtuallynoprocessatall,pendingthe )  revocationproceedings.AlabamaCode152254(d)authorizesaprobation   officertoarrestaprobationerwithoutawarrantandhisstatementthattherehas  [ beenaviolationissufficientauthorizationtodetaintheprobationerincountyjail. 4  $&%XX %&       7  .  _See,e.g.,S._Krantz_,C.Smith,D._Rossman_,P._Froyd_Ԁ&J.Hoffman, `  RighttoCounselinCriminalCases:TheMandate_of_Ԁ_Argersinger_Ԁv._Hamlin_69 )  117(1976);S.Duke, TheRighttoAppointedCounsel:_Argersinger__and_   Beyond,12_Am_._Crim_.L.Rev.601(1975).JusticesBrennan,Marshalland  [  StevensadvocatedthisapproachinScott,440U.S.at375(dissentingopinion), `  asdidJusticeBlackman,440U.S.at389(dissentingopinion).      L  $&%XX %&       9  .  _Thechargeforwhichrespondentwasconvictedcouldtheoretically `  causethedeportationofanalien.Asentenceofoneyearmakesacrimeofviolence )  an"aggravatedfelony",whichsubjectstheviolatortoimmediateremoval.See8   U.S.C.ll0l(a)(43)(F),l227(a)(2)(A)(iii).Thisistruewhetherthestatecallsthe  [ offenseamisdemeanororafelonyandeventhoughtheentiresentenceremains  $ suspended."Anyreferencetoatermofimprisonmentorasentencewithrespect M  toanyoffenseisdeemedtoincludetheperiodofincarcerationorconfinement   orderedbyacourtoflawregardlessofanysuspensionoftheimpositionor `  executionofthatimprisonmentorsentenceinwholeorinpart.8U.S.C. )  1101(a)(48)(B).0.Normal<:Definition T<GD:Definition L , ;1` hp x (#;  8.` hp x (#886Definition('z&H1      XXX(o&H2  XXX(o&H3  XXX(&H4 XXX XXX(o&H5  XXX(o&H6  XXX20Address8SP6Blockquote , , ;1` hp x (#;   8.` hp x (#8,*CITE,dl*CODEKA<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSB\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis6&)4Hyperlink            <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard KA<6X9`(Courier NewK XXXSB\  `&Times New RomanS<:Preformatted/%  ,Kk (#/KA<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSB\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk (#/<:zBottom of I894$ ** ddI  B    ?C%2A`Arial?9s9*  dd9  XXXSB\  `&Times New RomanS  &0 d d7777'dxddd<:zTop of ForI894$** ddI  B    ?C%2A`Arial?9s9*  dd9  XXXSB\  `&Times New RomanS  0Kl.SampleKA<6X9`(Courier NewKSB\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterKA<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSB\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable:8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  <6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial durts I&mage <=8C HKKKK(;30$ Ӭ!&%XX  'dxd( $ Figure  1  Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Ӭ!&%XX  _F  `   @""%No.001214 `  @   ________________________________________  A  @'InThe "  @SupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates   @  ________________________________________ s  @33"STATEOFALABAMA,  d   <      D Petitioner, E @)v. & @#_LEREED_Ԁ_SHELTON_, H    <      D Respondent. )  @  ________________________________________ 9  @ OnWritofCertiorari y  @ToTheSupremeCourtofAlabama Z  @  ________________________________________ j    BRIEFOFAMICUSCURIAE@@* +  NATIONALASSOCIATIONOFCRIMINALDEFENSE l  LAWYERSINSUPPORTOFRESPONDENT M @  ________________________________________ . STEVENDUKE*0  0LLDAVIDM.PORTER  qLL 127WallStreet0 < 0<L<L0LLCoChair,_NACDL_ԀAmicusRLL NewHaven,CT06511  0  Committee3LL (203)4324959 <   0  801KStreet,10thFloortLL   <   0  Sacramento,CA95814ULL   < 0  0LL(916)49857006 LL THOMASF._LIOTTI_*0  0LL_ADRIAAN_Ԁ_LANNI_! LL 1001FranklinAvenue0  0LL78Mt.AuburnStreet"y!LL Suite3000 < 0<L<L0LLCambridge,MA02138#Z"LL GardenCity,NY115300  0LL(617)4952485$;#LL (516)7393700 |%$   ӀAttorneysforAmicusCuriae >'&  *CounselofRecord )( August,2001  ) ) F82eXXdd8  <      D     @!QUESTIONPRESENTED `   WhethertheStateofAlabamamaysubjectadefendantto "  ajurytrialofaseriousmisdemeanorcarryingapotentialjail   sentenceofuptooneyearwhiledenyinghimcounselandthen,   uponconviction,imposeasuspendedthirtydayjailsentence,afine  e of$500,andtwoyearsprobation.  F @--"@@"TABLEOFCONTENTS `    <      D     Page     QUESTIONPRESENTED&&=L.(_i_Ԉ F   TABLEOFAUTHORITIES;L.*iii h K  INTERESTSOFAMICUSCURIAE=L.ww01 *    STATUTESINVOLVED=L.11'2   STATEMENTOFTHECASE=L.+4 N  SUMMARYOFARGUMENT=L.)4 p ARGUMENT=L.5 2 CONCLUSION<L.LL 16   @ TABLEOFAUTHORITIES `  Cases:LPage "    _Argersinger_Ԁv._Hamlin_,407U.S.25   (1971)$$)L.j j 4,6,7,8,9,10,11  e _Baldasar_Ԁv.UnitedStates,446U.S.222 F (1986)<L.j j 10 ' Baldwinv.NewYork,399U.S.66 h (1970),L.j j 4,6,7,8,13,14 I  Blakev.MunicipalCourt,242Cal.App.2d731,51Cal._Rptr_. *  771(1966)006L. 5(n.3)    _Blanton_Ԁv.CityofNorthLasVegas,489U.S.538   (1989)4L.j j 15(n.10) m  Duncanv.Louisiana,391U.S.145 N  (1968),L.j j 4,6,7,8,13,14 /  Gideonv.Wainwright,372U.S.335(l963)7L.@4,5,9 p Lewisv.UnitedStates,518U.S.322(1996)4L.KKA15(n.10) Q _Nichols_Ԁv.UnitedStates,511U.S.738,748(n.12) 2 (1994)  .L.j j 5(n.3),10,13  Scottv.Illinois,440U.S.367(1979)/L.$$=3,8,9,10,11  Statutes V Ala.Code13A52<<6L.{{(2,3,10 x Ala.Code13A57<<6L.{{(2,3,10 Y Ala.Code13A512<<6L.)2,3,10 :  Ala.Code13A2252<<6L.++*2,3,10 ! Ala.Code152224(d)xx/L.ww,2,9,10(n.8) ! Ala.Code1522529L.)2,10 "} Ala.Code152254(d)5L.ww,10(n.8) #^ Conn.Gen.Statutes5456e<L.112 $? 8U.S.C.1101(a)(43)(F)5L..14(n.9) %   8U.S.C.1101(a)(48)(B)5L.  .14(n.9) a&!   #(# U.S.CONSTITUTION `  SixthAmendment3L.%6(n.4),8 "  OTHER  e Comment,RighttoCounsel:TheImpactofGideonv. ' Wainwright,ontheFiftyStates,3_Creighton_ԀL.Rev.103 h (1970)006L.j j 5(n.2) I  S.Duke,TheRighttoAppointedCounsel:_Argersinger__and_ *  Beyond,12_Amer_._Crim_.L.Rev.601(1975)006L.XX?7(n.7)    S._Krantz_,C.Smith,D._Rossman_,P._Froyd_Ԁ&J.Hoffman,Right   toCounselinCriminalCases:TheMandate_of_Ԁ_Argersinger_Ԁv. m  _Hamlin_,69(1976)006L.'7(n.7) N  T._Liotti_,_Does_ԀGideonStillMakeaDifference?,2N.Y.C.L. /  Rev.105(1998)<L.55%13  p  *  @@BRIEFOFAMICUSCURIAE `  @@X X NATIONALASSOCIATIONOFCRIMINALDEFENSE B  LAWYERS $     <  THENATIONALASSOCIATIONOFCRIMINAL   DEFENSELAWYERSfilesthisamicuscuriaebriefpursuantto  i thisCourtsRule37.3(a)insupportofrespondent_Lereed_Ԁ_Shelton_s J assertionofrightsundertheFourteenthAmendment.Both + petitionerandrespondenthavegrantedamicusconsenttofilethis l  brief,andlettersofconsenthavebeenfiledwiththeClerkofthis M  Court. #  1       .  @ INTERESTSOFAMICUSCURIAE  q   TheNationalAssociationofCriminalDefenseLawyers 4  (_NACDL_),anonprofitcorporation,istheonlynationalbar u associationworkingintheinterestofpublicandprivatecriminal V defenseattorneysandtheirclients._NACDL_Ԁwasfoundedin1958 7 toensurejusticeanddueprocessforpersonsaccusedofcrimes;  fostertheintegrity,independenceandexpertiseofthecriminal  defenseprofession;andpromotetheproperandfairadministration z ofjustice._NACDL_Ԁhas10,000membersnationwidejoinedby80 [ stateandlocalaffiliateorganizationswith28,000members < includingprivatecriminaldefenselawyers,publicdefendersand } lawprofessorscommittedtopreservingfairnesswithinAmericas ^ criminaljusticesystem.TheAmericanBarAssociationrecognizes ?  _NACDL_Ԁasanaffiliateorganizationandawardsitfull  ! representationinitsHouseofDelegates.Inthiscase,the_NACDL_ " isconcernedaboutthedenialofcounseltoanindigentchargedwith " aseriouscrimeandrequiredtodefendhimselfinajurytrialwithout #c theguidinghandofcounsel. $D Ї  <   @" STATUTESINVOLVED  `  ALABAMACODE #  13A52.Authorizeddispositions    (c)Everypersonconvictedofamisdemeanororviolation  f shallbesentencedbythecourtto: G   < (1)ImprisonmentforatermauthorizedbySection ( 13A57;or i    < (2)PayafineauthorizedbySection13A512;or J    < (3)Bothsuchimprisonmentandfine +   (d)Everypersonconvictedofafelony,misdemeanoror    violationmaybeplacedonprobationasauthorizedbylaw.    (e)Thisarticledoesnotdepriveacourtofauthority n  conferredbylawtoforfeitproperty,dissolveacorporation,suspend O  orcancelalicenseorpermit,removeapersonfromoffice,citefor 0  contemptorimposeanyotherlawfulcivilpenalty.Sucha q judgment,orderordecreemaybeincludedaspartofthesentence. R 13A57.Sentenceofimprisonmentformisdemeanorsand  violations.   (a)Sentencesformisdemeanorsshallbeadefinitetermof v imprisonmentinthecountyjailortohardlaborforthecounty, W withinthefollowinglimitations: 8   < (1)ForaClassAmisdemeanor,notmorethanone y year. Z 13A512.Finesformisdemeanorsandviolations. !  (a)Asentencetopayafineforamisdemeanorshallbefor ! adefiniteamount,fixedbythecourt,withinthefollowing "~ limitations: #_   < (1)ForaClassAmisdemeanor,notmorethan $@ $2,000.00. %!  152252.Conditionsofprobation. C'"  Thecourtshalldetermineandmayatanytimemodifythe $(# conditionsofprobationandmayincludeamongthemthefollowing )$ oranyothercondition.Suchconditionsmayprovidethatthe `  probationershall: A   (1)Avoidinjuriousorvicioushabits; "   (2)Avoidpersonsorplacesofdisreputableorharmful   character;    (3)Reporttotheprobationofficeasdirected;  e  (4)Permittheprobationofficertovisithimathishomeor F elsewhere; '  (5)Workfaithfullyatsuitableemploymentsasfaras h possible; I   (6)Remainwithinaspecifiedplace; *   (7)Paythefineimposedorcostsorsuchportionsthereof    asthecourtmaydetermineandinsuchinstallmentsasthecourt   maydirect; m   (8)Makereparationorrestitutiontotheaggrievedpartyfor N  thedamageorlosscausedbyhisoffenseinanamounttobe /  determinedbythecourt;and p  (9)Supporthisdependentstothebestofhisability. Q 152224(d)   (2)Ifthecourtrevokesprobation,itmay,afterahearing, u imposethesentencethesentencethatwassuspendedatthe V originalhearingoranylessersentence... 7  *** x  (4)Thecourtshallnotrevokeprobationandorderthe Y confinementoftheprobationerunlessthecourtfindsonthebasis :  oftheoriginaloffenseandtheprobationersinterveningconduct, ! eitherofthefollowing: !   < a.Nomeasureshortofconfinementwill "} adequatelyprotectthecommunityfromfurthercriminalactivityby #^ theprobationer. $?   < b.Nomeasureshortofconfinementwillavoid %   depreciatingtheseriousnessoftheviolation. a&!  )$   STATEMENTOFTHECASE  `  < _Respondent_Ԁ_LeReed_Ԁ_Shelton_Ԁ_was_Ԁaccusedofthirddegree #  assault,aclassAmisdemeanorcarryingapossibilityofajail   sentenceofuptooneyear(AlabamaCode13A57)andafine   ofupto$2,000.00(AlabamaCodeA52,A57,A512).He  f wasnotofferedcounselifindigent.Heelectedajurytrialand G representedhimselfbeforethejury,unsuccessfully.Hewas ( sentencedto30daysinjail,a$500fine,andrestitution.Thejail i  sentencewassuspendedandhewasplacedontwoyears J  probation.TheAlabamaSupremeCourtaffirmedhisconviction +  butvacatedthesuspendedjailsentencebecauserespondenthad    nothadorwaivedcounselandthecourtbelievedthatthe   suspendedjailsentencewasinvalidbecauseitcouldnotbecarried n  outconsistentwithrespondentsFourteenthandSixthAmendment O  righttocounsel.ThisCourtgrantedtheStatespetitionforawrit 0  ofcertioraritoconsidertheconstitutionalvalidityoftheAlabama q courtsdecision. R   SUMMARYOFARGUMENT   B Ajailsentenceofanydurationcannotbecarriedoutor w executedifthedefendantwasdeniedcounselforhisdefense.To X dosowouldclearly imprisonhimcontrarytoScottv.Illinois,440 9 U.S.367(1979)andinvolvea lossoflibertycontrary_to_ z _Argersinger_Ԁv._Hamlin_,407U.S.25(1971).Accordingly,itwas [ entirelylawfulforthecourtbelowtovacatethethirtyday <  suspendedsentenceimposedonrespondentwhowasrequiredto ! defendhimselfinajurytrialwithoutcounsel.Whetheritwas !  unconstitutionalto imposesuchashamsentenceonthe " accusedbysuspendingitandplacinghimonprobationmaybeof #` interesttotheoreticiansbutisnotcrucialtothecorrectresolution $A ofthiscase.Clearly,AlabamawasnotrequiredbytheConstitution %"  toengageinthecharadeofthreateningthedefendantwithajail c&! sentenceitcouldnotunderanycircumstancesactuallyinflict. D'"  ShouldthisCourtconcludethatitisconstitutionally %(# permissibletoimposeasuspendedjailsentenceon_an_Ԁ_uncounseled_ )$ defendantandthenlaterrevokeprobationandsendthedefendant `  tojail,itwillhaverippedthesouloutofGideonv.Wainwright,372 A  U.S.335(l963)_and_Ԁ_Argersinger_Ԁv._Hamlin_,407U.S.25(l971)and "  invitedtheStatestocircumventtherighttocounselbysending   defendantstoprisoninstageswithouteversubjectingtheissueof   guilttoseriousadversarytesting.Attheveryleast,theCourt  e shouldcapthatinvitationby_revisiting_Ԁ_Argersinger__and_ԀScottand F rulingconsistent_with_Ԁ_Argersinger_,_Duncan_Ԁv.Louisiana,391U.S. ' 145(1968),andBaldwinv.NewYork,399U.S.66(1970),that h anyonewhohasaSixthAmendmentrighttoajurytrialcannotbe I  deniedalawyertomakethatrightmeaningful.A criminal *  prosecutionmeansnolesswhenappliedtotherighttoajurytrial    thanwhenappliedtotherighttoassistanceofcounsel.Therefore,   respondentsconviction,aswellashissentence,was m  unconstitutional. N  @& ARGUMENT  p  Thedecisionofthecourtbelowiscorrect.Alternatively, 3 ifasuspendedjailsentence(inadditiontoasubstantialfine)can  sometimesbeimposedonanindigentdefendantwhoisdenied  counsel,theunderlyingconvictionisinvalidwhere,ashere,the v defendantfacedchargessufficientlyserioustoguaranteehima W SixthAmendmentrighttoajurytrial.Accordingly,iftheCourt 8 rejectstherationaleoftheAlabamaSupremeCourt,itshould y invalidaterespondentsunderlyingconvictionorremandtopermit Z thecourtbelowtodoso. ;   Nearlyfortyyearsago,thisCourt,inGideonv.Wainwright, ! 372U.S.335(1963),foundtheSixthAmendmentrighttocounsel !  fundamentalandessentialtoafairtrial.Id.at343.Justice "~ Black,speakingforaunanimousCourt,saidthatlawyersare #_  necessities,notluxuries.Id.at344.Hesaidthe nobleidealof $@ fairtrials cannotberealizedifthepoormanchargedwithcrime %!  hastofacehisaccuserswithoutalawyertoassisthim,and b&! declaredthat anypersonhaledintocourt,whoistoopoortohire C'" alawyer,cannotbeassuredafairtrialunlesscounselisprovided $(# forhim.Id. < AlthoughtherewasnothinginGideonthatlimited )$ itsrationaletofelonycharges,manystatecourtsreadGideonasnot `  requiringcounselinmisdemeanorcases.Nonetheless,moststates A  inthedecadeafterGideondidextendtherighttocounselto_some_ "  _misdemeanants_. #  2      ׀Someevenwentalltheway,extendingtheright   toeveryindigentaccusedofanyoffense,petty_or_Ԁ_serious_._" #  3      _Ԁ    _This_Ԁ_Court_Ԁ_returned_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_problem_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_Argersinger_Ԁv.  e _Hamlin_,407U.S.25(1971)._Argersinger_Ԁ_had_Ԁpledguiltyina F Floridacourttocarryingaconcealedweapon,anoffense ' punishablebyuptosixmonthsinjailanda$1,000fine,without h beinginformedofhisrighttocounsel.Hewassentencedtoa$500 I  fineor90daysinjail.Id.at26.Allegingthathehadbeenindigent *  andunabletoaffordcounsel,hesoughtawritofhabeascorpus.    TheFloridaSupremeCourtextendedtherightofappointedcounsel   tooffensespunishablebymorethansixmonthsimprisonmentbut, m  _since_Ԁ_Argersinger__s_Ԁ_offense_Ԁwasjustundertheline,_dismissed_ N  _Argersinger__s_Ԁ_writ_. /   JusticeDouglasnotedforthisCourtthattheSixth p Amendmentcontainsstandardsfor allcriminalprosecutions. Q Amongtherightsguaranteedbythatamendmentaretherighttoa 2 speedyandpublictrial,therighttoknowthecharge,therightof  confrontation,andtherighttocompulsoryprocess.i  #  4      ׀Yettheonly  rightguaranteedbytheSixthAmendmentwhichhadbeenlimited `  bytypeofoffenseistherighttotrialbyjury.Duncanv.Louisiana, A  391U.S.145(1968),restrictedsuchrighttooffensespunishable "  bymorethansixmonthsinjail(regardlessoftheactualpunishment   imposed).Seealso,Baldwinv.NewYork,399U.S.66,69(1970)   ( nooffensecanbedeemedpettyforpurposesoftherighttotrial  e byjurywhereimprisonmentformorethansixmonthsis F authorized).JusticeDouglasdistinguishedDuncanslimitation ' withtheobservationthattherighttojurytrial hasadifferent h genealogyandisbrigadedwithasystemoftrialtoajudgealone. I  _Argersinger_,407U.S.at29. Whilethereishistoricalsupportfor *  limiting...trialbyjurytoseriouscriminalcases,thereisnosuch    supportforasimilarlimitationontherighttoassistanceof   counsel....Id.at30(citationomitted).TheCourttherefore m  rejected thepremisethatsinceprosecutionsforcrimespunishable N  byimprisonmentforlessthansixmonthsmaybetriedwithouta /  jury,theymayalsobetriedwithoutalawyer.Id.at3031. p  Puttingasidetherighttocounselwhere lossoflibertyis Q notinvolved, #  5      ׀theCourtheldthat absentaknowingandintelligent 2 waiver,nopersonmaybeimprisonedforanyoffense,whether  classifiedaspetty,misdemeanororfelony,unlesshewas  representedbycounselathistrial.| #  6       u  Commentators_read_Ԁ_Argersinger__as_Ԁcreatingatwotiered V analysisoftherighttocounselin_misdemeanor_Ԁ_cases_._  #  7      _Ԁ_The_Ԁ_first_ 7 tierorscreenwaswhethertheoffensewassufficientlyseriousto `  bea criminalprosecutionforpurposesoftherighttoajurytrial. A  Thatordinarilymeantthatanyauthorizedjailtermofmorethansix "  monthswas,perDuncanandBaldwin,asufficientgaugeof   seriousnesstotriggerthejurytrialrightregardlessofthesentence   actuallyimposed.Iftheoffensewas seriousundertheDuncan/  e Baldwin_test_,_Argersinger__left_Ԁundisturbedtheunderstandingthat F thechargewasnotonlya criminalprosecutionfortherightto ' trialbyjurybutalsoforallotherSixthAmendmentrights,including h therighttocounsel._Argersinger__expressly_Ԁdealtonlywithcasesin I  which lossoflibertywasinvolved.Insuchcases,theCourtsaid, *  thereisnoneedtoexaminethe seriousnessquestion;noneedto    findtherighttotrialbyjuryinordertofindtherighttocounsel,for   thelatterisevenmorefundamentalthantheformer,andany m  deprivationoflibertyissufficientlyserioustorequirethecrucial N  helpofcounsel.Actuallossofliberty,then,wasasecondscreen /  orsecondstageofanalysisnecessaryonlyifno criminal p prosecutionwasotherwisefoundbyapplyingDuncanscriteria. Q  ThisCourttookasharplydifferentapproachinScottv. 2 Illinois,440U.S.367(1979),opining_that_Ԁ_Argersinger_ _did_Ԁindeed  delimittheconstitutionalrighttoappointedcounselinstatecriminal  proceedings...[and]WethereforeholdthattheSixthandFourteenth u AmendmentstotheUnitedStatesConstitutionrequireonlythatno V indigentcriminaldefendantbesentencedtoatermofimprisonment 7 unlesstheStatehasaffordedhimtherighttoassistanceof x appointedcounselinhisdefense.Id.at37374(_emph_._added_). Y Therewas,ofcourse,nothingin_the_Ԁ_Argersinger__opinion_Ԁorin :  Scottsanalysisofittowarranttheinjectionof only.Indeed,if ! Scottsdictumweretakenliterally,apersoncouldbelawfully ! convictedofmurderwithoutcounselsolongashewasnt "} imprisoned. < AsJusticeBrennancogentlyobservedinhisScott #^ dissent,themajoritynotonly_misread_Ԁ_Argersinger_,_it_Ԁignoredthe $? wellestablishedprecedentsrecognizingaconstitutionalrighttoa %   *     jurytrialforpeoplewhoarenotimprisonedbutnonethelessface `  chargesuponwhichimprisonmentinexcessofsixthmonthsis A  authorized.Thus,ifScottwerecorrect,adefendantlike "  _respondent_Ԁ_Shelton_Ԁ_in_ԀthiscasewouldhaveaSixthAmendment   righttoajurytrial,perBaldwinandDuncan,butwouldhaveto   enjoythatconstitutionalrightwithouttheassistanceofcounselif  e theStateelectedtoforgoimprisonmentuponconviction.Howcan F aprosecutionbea criminalprosecutionforpurposesoftheSixth ' Amendmentsrighttoajurytrialbutnotbea criminal h prosecutionforpurposesoftheSixthAmendmentsrightto I  counsel?TheCourtinScottdidnotsay. *   Althoughthecourtbelowdidnotquestiontheholdingin    Scottandrespondentwillpresumablynotdosoeither,we   respectfullyurgetheCourtnottoreaffirmthe imprisonmentonly m  approachofScottwithoutatleastreconsideringitsillogicandits N  misinterpretation_of_Ԁ_Argersinger_.WeespeciallyurgetheCourtnot /  toextendScotttoallowtheimpositionofasuspendedprison p sentencewhiledenyingtheaccusedthebenefitofcounsel.That Q wouldbetantamounttoafundamentalrejectionofGideonitself. 2   I  ̀THESUSPENDEDJAILSENTENCEWASPROPERLY X VACATED  :  a.Asuspendedjailsentencemaynotbecarriedoutor ] executedifthedefendantwasdeniedcounsel >   _Argersinger__and_ԀScottagreethatevenadayinjail,imposed " aspunishmentforacrime,cannotbeconstitutionallycarriedout " unlessthedefendantwasaffordedcounselathistrialorguiltyplea. #b _Accordingly_,_LeReed_Ԁ_Shelton_Ԁ_cannot_Ԁbejailedifprobationis $C revokedbecausehewouldbejailednotforviolatingprobationbut %$  fortheunderlyingoffenseuponwhichhewasoriginallysentenced. e&! Notonlyisthistheuniversalunderstandingofwhathappenswhen F'" probationisrevokedandasuspendedsentencereimposed,itis '(# clearlyimplicitintheAlabamastatutoryscheme.AlabamaCode )$ 152254(d)(2),providesthatuponrevocationofprobation,the `  courtmayimposethesentencethatwassuspendedoranylesser A  sentence.Section(d)(4)providesthatwhenthecourtrevokes "  probationandimposesconfinement,thatdecisionisgrounded on   thebasisoftheoriginaloffenseandtheprobationersintervening   conduct(emphasisadded).Thus,unlikethesituationin_Nichols_  e v.UnitedStates,511U.S.738(1994),wherean_uncounseled_ F misdemeanorconvictionresultedinafelonystatusforasecond ' offense,thepunishmentimposedwhenprobationisrevokedisfor h theoriginaloffense,notthesubsequentconductinvolvedinthe I  probationviolation.AstheChiefJusticeemphasizedinhis_Nichols_ *  opinion,repeatoffenderlawspenalize onlythelastoffense    committedbythedefendant.511U.S.at747.Although_Nichols_   itselfwashighlydebatable(itoverruledarecentdecisiontothe m  contraryin_Baldasar_Ԁv.UnitedStates,446U.S.222(1986)),the N  differencebetween_Nichols_andtheinstantcaseisfundamental. /   Underarecidiviststatutesuchasthatin_Nichols_,the p defendantcanbeimprisonedifandonlyifhissecondcrimeis Q provedbeyondreasonabledoubt,withallSixthAmendment 2 protections,includingassistanceofcounsel.Incontrast,if  respondentcouldbeimprisonedafteraprobationrevocation,that  couldbeaccomplishedinentirelyinformal,unstructured u proceedingswhereproofstandardsareamorphousandfarless V exactingandrigorousthanthoseapplicableinacriminal 7 prosecution. #  8       x  Ifasuspendedsentencecouldbecarriedoutalthoughthe Y accusedwasdeniedcounsel,respondentcouldhavereceiveda :  suspendedsentenceofuptooneyearinjailanda$2,000finefor ! hisClassAmisdemeanorofthirddegreeassault.SeeAlabama ! Code13A52,13A57,13A512.Theconditionsofprobation "} couldhardlybebroaderorvaguer.Theyincludeavoiding injurious #^ orvicioushabits, personsorplacesofdisreputableorharmful `  characterand anyothercondition.AlabamaCode152252. A  Therequirementsof_Argersinger_andScottcouldeasilybe "  circumventedifthestatecoulddenycounsel,convictthedefendant   ofamisdemeanor,sentencehimtoasuspendedtermof   imprisonmentuptooneyear,suspendthesentence,placehimon  e probation,thenrevokeprobationforinjuriousorvicioushabits, F associatingwithundesirables,failuretoreportorsomeothervague ' infraction.Hewouldgotojailwithouteverhavinganopportunity h todefendagainsttheunderlyingcriminalchargeswiththe I  assistanceofcounsel. *   Wedonotunderstandthepetitionertocontendthatsuch    aprocedurecouldbelawful,i.e.thatasuspendedsentencecanbe   carriedoutifthedefendantwasdeniedcounselathistrial. m  Petitionerisunclearaboutitspositiononthatissue. N   TheStateseemstoarguethatasuspendedjailsentenceis /  permissiblebecausetherehasbeenno actualimprisonmentand p untilthathappens,thereisnoviolationofScott,eventhoughScott Q saidthatno indigentcriminaldefendant[can]besentencedtoa 2 termofimprisonmentabsentassistanceofcounsel.440U.S.at  374.PetitionersBrief,at9.Thus,petitionerseemstobelievethat  thejailhousedoorsmustactuallybeclosedandlockedonthe u defendantsbodybeforeheretroactivelyacquiresarightto V counsel.Werethatso,evenanunconditional,_unprobated_Ԁjail 7 sentencecouldnotbeinvalidatedonrighttocounselgroundsso x longasitwasstayedpendingappeal.Thatismanifestlynotso.No Y coherentargumentismadebypetitionerthatthestatemayimprison :  someonein_Shelton_sshoeswithoutviolatingtheConstitution. ! Thus,itishardtounderstandjustwhatfaultpetitionerfindswiththe ! decisionofthecourtbelow. "}  Most,ifnotall,ofthelowercourtdecisionscitedby #^ petitionerthatsuggestthatasuspendedsentenceisnotactual $? imprisonment(PetitionersBrief,1619),involvequestionsofthe %   validityoftheconviction,notthevalidityofthesentence.Here,as a&! there,thevalidityoftheconvictionwasnotquestionedbythecourt B'" below.Thepetitionerdoesnotpointtoanydecisionthatitsays  #(# actuallyallowsadefendanttobeimprisonedonapreviously `  suspendedsentencewhenhewasdeniedcounsel. A   Petitionerarguesthatifasuspendedsentencetriggersthe "  righttocounsel,thiswoulddivert moneyandtimetoresolve   misdemeanoroffensesandreexaminetheuseof_uncounseled_   convictionsforenhancementpurposes....Finally,successful  e challengeswouldemasculateanti_recivism_Ԁstatutes....Petitioners F Brief,at21.Thiswouldbeso,however,onlyifimposinga ' suspendedsentenceinvalidatestheunderlyingconviction,andthe h AlabamaSupremeCourtclearlyheldthatitdoesnot(_J.A._Ԁ40). I  TheBriefofTexas,etal,AmiciCuriae,appearsequallyconfused *  onthispoint.Seeid.at25,28.Indeed,althoughAmicirepeatedly    characterizethedecisionofthecourtbelowas expandingthe   righttocounsel,itisnotclearhowAmicithinkthathasbeen m  accomplished.Likepetitioner,Amicidonotclearlyassertthata N  suspendedsentencecanactuallybecarriedout.Rather,theyseem /  concernedthatsuchasentencewouldinvalidatetheunderlying p convictionevenifnoeffortismadetocarryoutthesentence.That Q issueisnotbeforetheCourt. 2  AmiciCuriaeinsupportofpetitionerimplythatunlessa  statecanimposeasuspendedjailsentence,ithasnowaytoimpose  probationandthedecisionbelowtherefore_signficantly_Ԁrestrictsthe u Statesintheirabilitytoutilizeprobation.AmiciBr.at27.The V States,however,arenotrequiredtolinkprobationtoasuspended 7 jailsentence.Connecticut,forexample,hasaprocesscalled x  AcceleratedPretrialRehabilitationunderwhichadefendant,with Y thepermissionofthecourt,isplacedonprobationbefore :  adjudication.Iftheprobationissuccessful,thechargeisdismissed ! andallrecordsareexpunged.Ifprobationisviolated,the ! defendantdoesnotautomaticallygotojail,thechargesaresimply "} reinstatedandtheprocessbeginswhereitleftoffbeforeprobation. #^ Conn.Gen.Statutes5456e.Assumingthatsuchprobationisnot $? a lossoflibertywithinthemeaningof_Argersinger_,thereisno %   reasonwhyitcouldnotbeimposedwithoutaffordingcounsel.  a&! Ѐ `   b.Asentencethatcannotbecarriedoutwithoutviolating A  theconstitutionisitselfunconstitutional,orinanyevent,plainly "  withinthepoweroftheStateofAlabamatovacateordeclineto   impose.    4   PetitionerandAmiciCuriaeinitssupportcharacterizethe F holdingoftheAlabamaSupremeCourtas extendingtherightto ' appointedcounselinmisdemeanorcaseswhereasuspended h sentenceisimposedratherthan actualimprisonment.Whilesuch I  wouldbeadefensiblepositionforthecourttohavetaken,itdidnot *  doso.Rather,theAlabamaSupremeCourtclearlyandmerely    Єheldthataconditionalorprobationaryjailsentencecannever   actuallybecarriedoutifthedefendantwasdeniedcounselandis m  thereforeanullity.HadtheAlabamaSupremeCourtheldthat N  _Shelton_Ԁhadaconstitutionalrighttocounselthatwasviolatedbyhis /  prosecution,ratherthanbyhissentence,itwouldhavevacatedthe p convictionaswellasthesentence. Q  SincetheAlabamaCourtwasclearlyrightinviewingthe 2 suspendedjailsentenceasonethatcannotbeexecutedwithout  runningafoulof_Argersinger_andScott,itwasalsorightinvacating  thatportionofthesentence.Whetherenteringajudgmentthat u purportstoenteraninvalidsentence,i.e.,ashamsentence,isitself V aviolationoftheConstitutionwasnotreachedbytheAlabama 7 Court.Arguably,thejudgmentappearstohavebeena x straightforwardapplicationofAlabamalawtovacateasham Y sentenceonethatcouldntbecarriedoutwithoutviolatingthe :  Constitution.Assuch,itshouldclearlybeaffirmed.  !   II `  IFASUSPENDEDJAILTERMMAY $  CONSTITUTIONALLYBEIMPOSEDWITHOUT   PROVIDINGCOUNSEL,ANDULTIMATELYCARRIED   OUT,THENTHISCOURTSHOULDRECONSIDER  j SCOTTSIMPRISONMENTONLYPRINCIPLEAND L REVERTTOTHE SERIOUSOFFENSETESTOF . BALDWINANDDUNCAN,ANDSHOULDINVALIDATE p RESPONDENTSCONVICTIONORALLOWTHE R  COURTBELOWTODOSO. 4    GoodargumentscanbemadeforextendingtheSixth   Amendmentrighttocounseltoallcrimesforwhichimprisonment x  isauthorized,regardlessofthesentenceactuallyimposed.SeeT. Y  _Liotti_,DoesGideonStillMakeaDifference?,2N.Y.C.L.Rev. :  105,122(1998).Misdemeanorchargesarenolesscomplexor { legallyarcanethanfelonychargesandtherulesoftrialprocedure \ Єunderstoodbyonlyafewlawyers󀄄arethesame,whethertrial = isofamisdemeanororafelony.Thereissomestigmaattachedto  convictionofanyoffenseforwhichjailhasbeenauthorized.  Moreover,convictionsforseeminglyinsignificantoffensescan  becomehighlyprejudicialtothedefendantwhobecomesagain a embroiledinthecriminalprocess,fortheymayelevatehissecond B misdemeanortofelonystatus,asin_Nichols_,orbeusedadversely # aspartofhiscriminalhistoryinsentencing.Themisdemeanor d convictioncanalsoresultinlossordenialofanoccupationalor E  professionallicense,ineligibilityforvariousbenefitsor &! employments,andevendeportation.! #  9      ׀Whethertherighttocounsel " shouldbesoextendedisnotbeforetheCourt.If,however,the `  Courtisinclinedtoaddaserioushazardpossibleimprisonment A  ifprobationisrevokedtothelengthylistoflandminesalready "  buriedin_uncounseled_Ԁ_misdemeanorland_,thenthe imprisonment   onlytestofScottmustbeabandoned.    Ifavalidsuspendedjailsentencemaybeimposedwithout  e counsel,itcanpresumablybeonethedurationofwhichislimited F onlybythestatuteauthorizingsentences.Inrespondentscase,the ' vulnerabilitywouldbetoajailsentenceofuptooneyear(plusa h $2,000fine).Itissimplyunthinkablethatastatecouldbepermitted I  toimprisonsomeoneforuptooneyearwhiledenyinghimcounsel, *  merelybydoingitinstagesthatcircumventtheprovisionof    counsel.    Thus,attheveryleast,theCourt,ifinclinedtovalidate m  _uncounseled_Ԁsuspendedsentences,shouldapplyBaldwinand N  Duncanandrecognizearighttocounselwheneverthereisaright /  toajurytrial,e.g.whenajailsentenceofmorethansixmonthsis p authorized._  #  10      _ԀThatwouldatleastlimitthecircumventionofthe Q righttocounseltocasesinwhichthesuspendedsentencewasfor 2 sixmonthsorless.      CONCLUSION  `   Fortheforegoingreasons,thedecisionoftheAlabama #  SupremeCourtshouldbeaffirmed.     <      D     X2eX%&  <     Respectfullysubmitted, Z   <     STEVENDUKE B    <     THOMASF._LIOTTI_ <    <     CounselofRecord 6    <     DAVIDM.PORTER $   <     _ADRIAAN_Ԁ_LANNI_ ~   <     OfCounsel#&%XX2e#